wip

Cargo.toml

@@ -13,9 +13,17 @@ gl = "*"
 gfx = "*"
 gfx_device_gl = "*"
 image = "*"
+lzw = "*"
 nalgebra = "*"
 num-traits = "*"
 openvr = { git = "https://github.com/rust-openvr/rust-openvr" }
 openvr_sys = "*"
 piston = "*"
 piston_window = "*"
+
+# for pose-relay
+byteorder = "*"
+
+[profile.release]
+lto = true
+panic = "abort"

src/arena.rs

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ use tile::Tile;
 // 0x40   121  11x11 map matrix
 // 0xB9   7    ???
 pub struct Arena {
-  monster_x: [u8; 16],
+  _monster_x: [u8; 16],
-  monster_y: [u8; 16],
+  _monster_y: [u8; 16],
-  party_x: [u8; 8],
+  _party_x: [u8; 8],
-  party_y: [u8; 8],
+  _party_y: [u8; 8],
   _unknown1: [u8; 16],
   map: Field,
   _unknown2: [u8; 7],

src/bin/tileview.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn main() {
   let mut ega_vec = Vec::<u8>::new();
 
   file.read_to_end(&mut ega_vec).expect("Read EGA file");
-  let ega_page = ega::decode(&ega_vec, Compression::UNCOMPRESSED, Tiling::TILED(16));
+  let ega_page = ega::decode(&ega_vec, Compression::Uncompressed, Tiling::Tiled(16));
   for (i, tilepixels) in ega_page.iter().enumerate() {
     let out_name = format!("out/{}.png", i);
     let out_file = std::fs::File::create(Path::new(&out_name)).expect("open out file");

src/bin/vrtue.rs

@@ -1,38 +1,51 @@
 extern crate vrtue;
-use vrtue::{scenes, view, vr};
+use vrtue::{context, scenes, view, vr};
-use vrtue::scene::{Event, Scene};
+use vrtue::engine::{Event, Scene};
 
 extern crate env_logger;
 extern crate gfx_device_gl;
 #[macro_use] extern crate log;
+extern crate piston;
 extern crate piston_window;
 
+use self::piston::input::{Button, Input, Key};
 use self::piston_window::{PistonWindow, Window, WindowSettings};
+use std::env;
 
 pub fn main() {
   env_logger::init().expect("env logger");
-  let mut vr = vr::VR::new().expect("VR init");
+  let mut vr = match env::var("NO_VR") {
+    Ok(ref no_vr) if no_vr != "0" => None,
+    _                             => Some(vr::VR::new().expect("VR init"))
+  };
 
   let mut window: PistonWindow =
     WindowSettings::new("Hello, Britannia!", [1024; 2])
         .exit_on_esc(true)
-        .vsync(false)
+        .vsync(vr.is_none())  // Let VR throttle framerate, if available
         .build().expect("Building Window");
 
-  let mut scene = scenes::world::WorldScene::new(&mut window.factory, &mut window.encoder);
+  let mut aux_command = window.factory.create_command_buffer();
+  let mut scene = scenes::world::WorldScene::new(&mut window.device,
+                                                 &mut window.factory,
+                                                 &mut aux_command);
   let view = view::ViewRoot::<gfx_device_gl::Device, view::ColorFormat, view::DepthFormat>
                            ::create_view(&mut window, &mut vr);
 
+  let mut game = context::VrtueRootContext::new(&mut window.device,
+                                                &mut window.factory,
+                                                &mut aux_command);
   'main:
   //while let Some(_) = window.next() {
   loop {
-    scene.update(&mut vr, &mut window.encoder);
+    scene.update(&mut game, &mut vr, &mut window.encoder);
-    view.draw(&mut window, &mut vr, &scene);
+    view.draw(&mut game, &mut window, &mut vr, &scene);
 
     // handle window events
     while let Some(ev) = window.poll_event() {
       match ev {
-        piston_window::Input::Text(_) => break 'main,
+        Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Space)) |
+        Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Escape)) => break 'main,
         _ => debug!("\t{:?}", ev)
       }
 
@@ -40,7 +53,7 @@ pub fn main() {
     }
 
     // handle VR events
-    while let Some(ev) = vr.poll_next_event() {
+    while let Some(ev) = vr.as_mut().and_then(|vr| vr.poll_next_event()) {
       scene.event(Event::Vr(ev));
     }
   }

src/context.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use ega;
+use engine;
+
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use gfx::{self, CommandBuffer};
+use gfx::memory::Typed;
+use gfx::texture;
+
+const TILEDIM: u16 = 16;
+
+pub struct VrtueRootContext<D, F, T>
+  where D: gfx::Device,
+        F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>,
+        T: gfx::format::TextureFormat {
+
+  tiles: gfx::handle::ShaderResourceView<D::Resources, T::View>,
+  _factory: PhantomData<F>
+}
+
+impl<D, F, T> engine::GameContext for VrtueRootContext<D, F, T>
+  where D: gfx::Device,
+        F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>,
+        T: gfx::format::TextureFormat {}
+
+impl<D, F, T> VrtueRootContext<D, F, T>
+  where D: gfx::Device,
+        F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>,
+        T: gfx::format::TextureFormat,
+        T::View: Clone {
+
+  pub fn new(device: &mut D,
+             factory: &mut F,
+             command: &mut <D as gfx::Device>::CommandBuffer) -> VrtueRootContext<D, F, T> {
+    VrtueRootContext {
+      tiles: Self::make_tiles(device, factory, command),
+      _factory: PhantomData
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn tiles(&self) -> gfx::handle::ShaderResourceView<D::Resources, T::View> {
+    self.tiles.clone()
+  }
+
+  fn make_tiles(device: &mut D,
+                factory: &mut F,
+                command: &mut <D as gfx::Device>::CommandBuffer)
+                -> gfx::handle::ShaderResourceView<D::Resources, T::View> {
+    let filename = "data/SHAPES.EGA";
+    let mut file = ::std::fs::File::open(Path::new(filename))
+      .expect(&format!("failed opening tiles file: {}", filename));
+    let mut ega_bytes = Vec::new();
+    file.read_to_end(&mut ega_bytes).expect("Read tiles file");
+    let ega_page = ega::decode(&ega_bytes, ega::Compression::Uncompressed, ega::Tiling::Tiled(TILEDIM));
+    let mipmap = ega_page.mipmap(2);
+
+    let tex = factory.create_texture_immutable_u8::<T>(texture::Kind::D2Array(mipmap.dim as u16,
+                                                                              mipmap.dim as u16,
+                                                                              mipmap.len as u16,
+                                                                              texture::AaMode::Single),
+                                                       &mipmap.slices())
+                     .expect("create tile texture");
+
+    {
+      let mut manager = gfx::handle::Manager::<D::Resources>::new();
+    // XXX: Find out if Textures need to be/can be fenced like Buffers,
+    //      Seems like I should mark tex.1 as being read/written, but it's not a Buffer?
+    let access = gfx::pso::AccessInfo::new();
+      let view = manager.ref_srv(tex.1.raw());
+      command.generate_mipmap(*view);
+      device.submit(command, &access);
+    }
+    tex.1
+  }
+}

src/ega.rs

@@ -1,39 +1,101 @@
-static EGA_PALETTE: [[u8; 4]; 16] = [[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+extern crate lzw;
-                                     [0x00, 0x00, 0xAA, 0x00],
+
-                                     [0x00, 0xAA, 0x00, 0x00],
+use std::cell::RefCell;
-                                     [0x00, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0x00],
+
-                                     [0xAA, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+use self::lzw::BitReader;
-                                     [0xAA, 0x00, 0xAA, 0x00],
+
-                                     [0xAA, 0x55, 0x00, 0x00],
+static EGA_PALETTE: [[u8; 4]; 16] = [[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF],
-                                     [0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0x00],
+                                     [0x00, 0x00, 0xAA, 0xFF],
-                                     [0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x00],
+                                     [0x00, 0xAA, 0x00, 0xFF],
-                                     [0x55, 0x55, 0xFF, 0x00],
+                                     [0x00, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xFF],
-                                     [0x55, 0xFF, 0x55, 0x00],
+                                     [0xAA, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF],
-                                     [0x55, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00],
+                                     [0xAA, 0x00, 0xAA, 0xFF],
-                                     [0xFF, 0x55, 0x55, 0x00],
+                                     [0xAA, 0x55, 0x00, 0xFF],
-                                     [0xFF, 0x55, 0xFF, 0x00],
+                                     [0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xFF],
-                                     [0xFF, 0xFF, 0x55, 0x00],
+                                     [0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0xFF],
-                                     [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00]];
+                                     [0x55, 0x55, 0xFF, 0xFF],
+                                     [0x55, 0xFF, 0x55, 0xFF],
+                                     [0x55, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
+                                     [0xFF, 0x55, 0x55, 0xFF],
+                                     [0xFF, 0x55, 0xFF, 0xFF],
+                                     [0xFF, 0xFF, 0x55, 0xFF],
+                                     [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]];
 
 pub enum Compression {
-  UNCOMPRESSED,
+  Uncompressed,
-  RLE,
+  Rle,
-  LZW
+  Lzw
 }
 
 pub enum Tiling {
-  UNTILED,
+  Untiled,
-  TILED(u16)
+  Tiled(u16)
 }
 
 pub struct EgaPage {
   pub data: Vec<u8>,
-  pub tilesize: u16,
+  pub dim: usize,
 }
 
 impl EgaPage {
   pub fn iter<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item=&'a [u8]> {
-    self.data.chunks(self.tilesize as usize)
+    self.data.chunks(4 * self.dim * self.dim)
+  }
+
+  pub fn mipmap(&self, scale_levels: u8) -> Mipmap {
+    let scale = 1 << scale_levels;
+    let scaled: Vec<Vec<u8>> = self.iter().map(|tile| {
+      let mut tilevec = Vec::new();
+      for row in tile.chunks(4 * self.dim) {
+        for _ in 0..scale {
+          for px in row.chunks(4) {
+            for subpx in px.iter().cycle().take(4 * scale) {
+              tilevec.push(*subpx);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      tilevec
+    }).collect();
+
+    // dummy buffers just to provide proper sizing on texture for mips
+    let dim = self.dim << scale_levels;
+    let mut dummies = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut level = 1;
+    loop {
+      let mipdim = dim >> level;
+      if mipdim == 0 { break; }
+      dummies.push(vec![0; 4 * mipdim * mipdim]);
+      level += 1;
+    }
+
+    Mipmap {
+      len: self.data.len() / (4 * self.dim * self.dim),
+      dim: dim,
+      backing: scaled,
+      dummies: dummies,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct Mipmap {
+  pub len: usize,
+  pub dim: usize,
+  backing: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+  dummies: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+impl Mipmap {
+  pub fn slices(&self) -> Vec<&[u8]> {
+    let mut slices: Vec<&[u8]> = Vec::with_capacity((1 + self.dummies.len()) * self.len);
+    for tile in self.backing.iter() {
+      slices.push(tile);
+      for dummy in self.dummies.iter() {
+        slices.push(&dummy);
+      }
+    }
+    slices
   }
 }
 
@@ -42,20 +104,157 @@ pub fn decode<'a>(buf: &[u8], compression: Compression, tiling: Tiling)
   let out: Vec<u8>;
 
   out = match compression {
-    Compression::UNCOMPRESSED => buf.iter()
+    Compression::Uncompressed => decode_uncompressed(buf),
-                                    .flat_map(|tile_byte| {
+    Compression::Rle => {
-                                      EGA_PALETTE[(tile_byte >> 4u8 & 0xF) as usize]
+      decode_uncompressed(&decode_rle(buf))
-                                        .into_iter()
+    },
-                                        .chain(EGA_PALETTE[(tile_byte & 0xF) as usize]
+    Compression::Lzw => {
-                                               .into_iter())
+      let mut decoder = U4Lzw::new();
-                                    })
+      decode_uncompressed(&decoder.decode(buf))
-                                    .map(|x| *x)
+    },
-                                    .collect(),
-    _ => unimplemented!()
   };
-  let tilesize = match tiling {
+  let dim = match tiling {
-    Tiling::TILED(tiledim) => 4 * tiledim * tiledim,
+    Tiling::Tiled(tiledim) => tiledim as usize,
-    Tiling::UNTILED => out.len() as u16
+    Tiling::Untiled => out.len()
   };
-  EgaPage { data: out, tilesize: tilesize}
+  EgaPage { data: out, dim: dim}
+}
+
+fn decode_uncompressed(buf: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+  buf.iter()
+     .flat_map(|tile_byte| {
+         EGA_PALETTE[(tile_byte >> 4u8 & 0xF) as usize]
+         .into_iter()
+         .chain(EGA_PALETTE[(tile_byte & 0xF) as usize]
+                .into_iter())
+     })
+    .map(|x| *x)
+    .collect()
+}
+
+fn decode_rle(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+  let mut out = Vec::new();
+  let mut iter = bytes.iter();
+
+  while let Some(cmd) = iter.next() {
+    match cmd {
+      &0x02 => {
+        let len = *iter.next().expect("rle missing run length") as usize;
+        out.extend(::std::iter::repeat(*iter.next().expect("rle missing run value")).take(len));
+      },
+      val => out.push(*val),
+    }
+  }
+  out
+}
+
+struct U4Lzw {
+  table: Vec<RefCell<Vec<u8>>>,
+  load: u16,
+}
+
+const U4_CODE_SIZE: u8 = 12;
+impl U4Lzw {
+  fn new() -> U4Lzw {
+    let mut out = U4Lzw {
+      table: vec![RefCell::new(Vec::new()); 1 << U4_CODE_SIZE],
+      load: 0
+    };
+    for (i, entry) in out.table.iter_mut().take(256).enumerate() {
+      entry.borrow_mut().push(i as u8)
+    }
+    out
+  }
+
+  fn reset(&mut self) {
+    for i in 256..(1 << U4_CODE_SIZE) {
+      self.table[i].borrow_mut().clear();
+    }
+    self.load = 0;
+  }
+
+  fn decode(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut iter = CodeIter::new(bytes);
+
+    let mut prev = iter.next().expect("empty lzw");
+    let mut ch = prev as u8;
+    out.push(ch);
+
+    for code in iter {
+      {
+        let mut new;
+        let mut seq = &*self.table[code as usize].borrow();
+        if seq.is_empty() {
+          new = self.table[prev as usize].borrow().clone();
+          new.push(ch);
+          seq = &new;
+        };
+        out.extend(seq.iter());
+        ch = seq[0];
+      }
+      let hash = self.hash(ch, prev);
+      {
+        let old = self.table[prev as usize].borrow();
+        let mut entry = self.table[hash].borrow_mut();
+        entry.extend(old.iter());
+        entry.push(ch);
+      }
+      prev = code;
+
+      self.load += 1;
+      if self.load > 0xccd { self.reset(); }
+    }
+    out
+  }
+
+  fn hash(&self, root: u8, code: u16) -> usize {
+    let hash = Self::hash_primary(root, code);
+    if self.table[hash].borrow().is_empty() { return hash; }
+
+    let mut hash = Self::hash_secondary(root, code);
+    while !self.table[hash].borrow().is_empty() {
+      hash = (hash + 509) & 0xfff
+    }
+
+    hash
+  }
+
+  fn hash_primary(root: u8, code: u16) -> usize {
+    ((root as (u16) << 4) ^ code) as usize
+  }
+
+  fn hash_secondary(root: u8, code: u16) -> usize {
+    let base = (((root as (u16) << 1) + code) | 0x800) as u32;
+    let squared = base * base;
+    ((squared & 0x0003ffc0) >> 6) as usize
+  }
+}
+
+struct CodeIter<'a> {
+  pos: usize,
+  bytes: &'a [u8],
+  reader: lzw::MsbReader,
+}
+
+impl<'a> CodeIter<'a> {
+  fn new(bytes: &[u8]) -> CodeIter {
+    CodeIter { pos: 0, bytes: bytes, reader: lzw::MsbReader::new() }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for CodeIter<'a> {
+  type Item = u16;
+  fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u16> {
+    match self.reader.read_bits(&self.bytes[self.pos..], U4_CODE_SIZE) {
+      lzw::Bits::Some(used, code) => {
+        self.pos += used;
+        Some(code)
+      },
+      lzw::Bits::None(used) => {
+        self.pos += used;
+        None
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }

src/engine.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use gfx;
+use na;
+use piston;
+use view;
+use vr;
+
+pub trait GameContext {}
+
+pub trait Scene<G: GameContext,
+                D: gfx::Device,
+                F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> {
+  fn event(&mut self, event: Event);
+  fn update(&mut self,
+            game: &mut G,
+            vr: &mut Option<vr::VR>,  // TODO: abstract this out
+            encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>);
+  fn render(&self,
+            game: &mut G,
+            trans: &gfx::handle::Buffer<D::Resources, view::Trans>,
+            target: &gfx::handle::RenderTargetView<D::Resources, view::ColorFormat>,
+            depth: &gfx::handle::DepthStencilView<D::Resources, view::DepthFormat>,
+            factory: &mut F,
+            encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>);
+  fn origin(&self) -> na::Matrix4<f32>;
+}
+
+pub enum Event {
+  Vr(vr::Event),
+  Piston(piston::input::Input),
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 
 #[macro_use] extern crate gfx;
 #[macro_use] extern crate log;
+extern crate nalgebra as na;
+extern crate num_traits;
+extern crate piston;
 
 pub mod arena;
+pub mod context;
 pub mod ega;
-pub mod scene;
+pub mod engine;
 pub mod scenes;
 pub mod tile;
 pub mod town;

src/scene.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
+use gfx;
+use na;
+use piston;
 use view;
 use vr;
 
-extern crate gfx;
-extern crate gfx_device_gl;
-extern crate nalgebra as na;
-extern crate piston_window;
-
 pub trait Scene<D: gfx::Device,
                 F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> {
   fn event(&mut self, event: Event);
   fn update(&mut self,
-            vr: &mut vr::VR,
+            vr: &mut Option<vr::VR>,  // TODO: abstract this out
             encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>);
   fn render(&self,
             factory: &mut F,
@@ -24,5 +22,5 @@ pub trait Scene<D: gfx::Device,
 
 pub enum Event {
   Vr(vr::Event),
-  Piston(piston_window::Input),
+  Piston(piston::input::Input),
 }

src/scenes/shader/tile_frag.glsl

@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 #version 150
 
-#define MILLIS_PER_TILE 4000u
+#define MILLIS_PER_TILE 3000u
 
 in vec2 v_uv;
 flat in uint v_tileidx;
+in float v_fade;
 out vec4 pixcolor;
 uniform sampler2DArray t_tiles;
 uniform b_constants {
   uvec4 anim;
   float R1;
   float R2;
+  float R3;
+  float haze;
+  vec4 hazecolor;
 };
 uniform b_locals {
-  mat4 camera;
   uint millis;
   float treadmill_x;
   float treadmill_y;
@@ -24,5 +27,6 @@ void main() {
     anim_uv = vec2(v_uv.x, v_uv.y + float(millis % MILLIS_PER_TILE) / MILLIS_PER_TILE);
   }
 
-  pixcolor = texture(t_tiles, vec3(anim_uv.x, 1.0 - anim_uv.y, v_tileidx));
+  vec4 texcolor = texture(t_tiles, vec3(anim_uv.x, 1.0 - anim_uv.y, v_tileidx));
+  pixcolor = mix(texcolor, hazecolor, v_fade);
 }

src/scenes/shader/torus_vertex.glsl

@@ -8,23 +8,27 @@ in vec2 a_uv;
 in uint a_tileidx;
 out vec2 v_uv;
 flat out uint v_tileidx;
+out float v_fade;
 uniform b_trans {
+  mat4 u_viewmodel;
   mat4 u_matrix;
 };
 uniform b_constants {
   uvec4 anim;
   float R1;
   float R2;
+  float R3;
+  float haze;
+  vec4 hazecolor;
 };
 uniform b_locals {
-  mat4 camera;
   uint millis;
   float treadmill_x;
   float treadmill_y;
 };
 
 vec3 toroid(vec2 src, float r1, float r2, float r3) {
-  return vec3(r3 * -1.0 * sin(src.x), // use r3 instead of r2 for "deflated" torus
+  return vec3(r3 * sin(src.x), // use r3 instead of r2 for "deflated" torus
               (r1 + r2 * cos(src.x)) * cos(src.y),
               (r1 + r2 * cos(src.x)) * sin(src.y));
 }
@@ -35,8 +39,12 @@ void main() {
 
   vec2 thetaphi = vec2(TWO_PI_CIRC * (a_pos.x + treadmill_x),
                        TWO_PI_CIRC * (a_pos.y + treadmill_y));
-  float height = R1 * TWO_PI_CIRC;
+  float height = R2 * 4 * TWO_PI_CIRC;
-  vec3 normal = vec3(toroid(thetaphi, 0, height, height));
+  vec3 normal = vec3(toroid(thetaphi, 0, height, height)) *
-  gl_Position = u_matrix * camera *
+                vec3(R2 / R3, 1.0, 1.0);
-      vec4(toroid(thetaphi, R1, R2, R1) + a_pos.z * normal, 1.0);
+  vec4 model_pos = vec4(toroid(thetaphi, R1, R2, R3) + a_pos.z * normal, 1.0);
+  gl_Position = u_matrix * model_pos;
+
+  vec4 view_pos = u_viewmodel * model_pos;
+  v_fade = min(1.0, length(view_pos.xyz) / R1 / 2 * haze);
 }

src/scenes/world.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-use scene;
+use context::VrtueRootContext;
-use tile;
+use engine;
 use view;
 use vr;
 use world as model;
 use world::HasMap;
 
-extern crate gfx;
+extern crate memmap;
-extern crate nalgebra as na;
-extern crate num_traits;
-extern crate openvr_sys;
-extern crate piston_window;
 
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
-use gfx::tex;
+use gfx::{self, texture};
 use gfx::traits::FactoryExt;
-use self::na::ToHomogeneous;
+use na::{self, ToHomogeneous};
-use self::num_traits::identities::One;
+use num_traits::identities::One;
+use piston::input::{Button, Input, Key};
+
+const PI: f32 = ::std::f32::consts::PI;
+const TWO_PI_CIRC: f32 = 2.0 * PI / 256.0;
 
-//const R1: f32 = 4096.0;
-//const R2: f32 = 1024.0;
-//const R1: f32 = 4.0;
-//const R2: f32 = 1.0;
 const R1: f32 = 256.0;
 const R2: f32 = 64.0;
+const R3: f32 = 128.0;
+
+//const SKY_COLOR: [f32; 4] = [0.15, 0.15, 0.75, 1.0];
+const SKY_COLOR: [f32; 4] = [0.005, 0.005, 0.01, 1.0];
 
 gfx_defines! {
   vertex Vertex {
@@ -38,10 +38,12 @@ gfx_defines! {
     anim: [u32; 4] = "anim",
     r1: f32 = "R1",
     r2: f32 = "R2",
+    r3: f32 = "R3",
+    haze: f32 = "haze",
+    hazecolor: [f32; 4] = "hazecolor",
   }
 
   constant Locals {
-    camera: [[f32; 4]; 4] = "camera",
     millis: u32 = "millis",
     treadmill_x: f32 = "treadmill_x",
     treadmill_y: f32 = "treadmill_y",
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ gfx_defines! {
     trans: gfx::ConstantBuffer<::view::Trans> = "b_trans",
     constants: gfx::ConstantBuffer<Constants> = "b_constants",
     locals: gfx::ConstantBuffer<Locals> = "b_locals",
-    atlas: gfx::TextureSampler<[f32; 4]> = "t_tiles",
+    tiles: gfx::TextureSampler<[f32; 4]> = "t_tiles",
     pixcolor: gfx::RenderTarget<::view::ColorFormat> = "pixcolor",
     depth: gfx::DepthTarget<::view::DepthFormat> = gfx::preset::depth::LESS_EQUAL_WRITE,
   }
@@ -76,28 +78,27 @@ fn get_model(world: &model::World) -> (Vec<Vertex>, Vec<u32>) {
         10 | 11 | 12 => 1.0,
         _ => 0.0,
       };
-      let rf = (((r + 90) % 256) as i16 - 128) as f32;
+      let (rf, cf) = (r as f32, c as f32);
-      let cf = (((c + 144) % 256) as i16 - 128) as f32;
       if alt == 0.0 {
         verticies.extend_from_slice(
-          &[Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., -rf - 1., 0. ], uv: [0., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
+          &[Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., rf + 1., 0. ], uv: [0., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., -rf - 1., 0. ], uv: [1., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., rf + 1., 0. ], uv: [1., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., -rf - 0., 0. ], uv: [1., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., rf + 0., 0. ], uv: [1., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., -rf - 0., 0. ], uv: [0., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },]);
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., rf + 0., 0. ], uv: [0., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },]);
         indicies.extend_from_slice(
           &[ v + 0, v + 1, v + 2,
              v + 2, v + 3, v + 0 ]);
         v += 4;
       } else {
         verticies.extend_from_slice(
-          &[Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., -rf - 1., 0. ], uv: [0., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
+          &[Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., rf + 1., 0. ], uv: [0., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., -rf - 1., 0. ], uv: [1., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., rf + 1., 0. ], uv: [1., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., -rf - 0., 0. ], uv: [1., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., rf + 0., 0. ], uv: [1., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., -rf - 0., 0. ], uv: [0., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., rf + 0., 0. ], uv: [0., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., -rf, 0. ], uv: [0., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., rf, 0. ], uv: [0., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., -rf, 0. ], uv: [1., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., rf, 0. ], uv: [1., 0.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., -rf, alt ], uv: [1., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 1., rf, alt ], uv: [1., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },
-            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., -rf, alt ], uv: [0., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },]);
+            Vertex { pos: [ cf + 0., rf, alt ], uv: [0., 1.], tileidx: tileidx },]);
         indicies.extend_from_slice(
           &[ v + 0, v + 1, v + 2,
              v + 2, v + 3, v + 0,
@@ -112,18 +113,18 @@ fn get_model(world: &model::World) -> (Vec<Vertex>, Vec<u32>) {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 enum TrackMode {
-  TOUCH,
+  Touch,
-  PRESS
+  Press
 }
 
 pub struct WorldScene<D: gfx::Device,
                       F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> {
   pso: gfx::PipelineState<D::Resources, pipe::Meta>,
   camera: na::Matrix4<f32>,
-  constants: gfx::handle::Buffer<D::Resources, Constants>,
+  constants: Constants,
+  constants_buffer: gfx::handle::Buffer<D::Resources, Constants>,
+  constants_dirty: bool,
   locals: gfx::handle::Buffer<D::Resources, Locals>,
-  atlas: gfx::handle::ShaderResourceView<D::Resources,
-                                         <view::ColorFormat as gfx::format::Formatted>::View>,
   sampler: gfx::handle::Sampler<D::Resources>,
   f: PhantomData<F>,
 
@@ -132,32 +133,37 @@ pub struct WorldScene<D: gfx::Device,
 
   start_time: SystemTime,
   treadmills: (f32, f32),
-  pads: BTreeMap<u32, (TrackMode, Option<openvr_sys::VRControllerState_t>)>,
+  pads: BTreeMap<u32, (TrackMode, Option<vr::VRControllerState_t>)>,
+
+  _worldmap: model::World,
+  lat: u8,
+  lng: u8,
 }
 
-impl<D: gfx::Device, F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> WorldScene<D, F> {
+impl<D: gfx::Device,
-  pub fn new(factory: &mut F,
+     F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> WorldScene<D, F> {
-             encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>) -> WorldScene<D, F> {
+  pub fn new(_device: &mut D,
-    let (model, model_idx) = get_model(&get_data_model());
+             factory: &mut F,
+             _aux_command: &mut <D as gfx::Device>::CommandBuffer) -> WorldScene<D, F> {
+    let worldmap = get_data_model();
+    let (model, model_idx) = get_model(&worldmap);
     let (vertex_buffer, slice) =
         factory.create_vertex_buffer_with_slice(&model, &model_idx[..]);
 
-    let constants = factory.create_constant_buffer(1);
-    encoder.update_constant_buffer(&constants, &Constants { anim: ANIMDATA,
-                                                            r1: R1,
-                                                            r2: R2 });
-
     WorldScene {
       pso: factory.create_pipeline_simple(VERTEX_SHADER_SRC,
                                           FRAGMENT_SHADER_SRC,
                                           pipe::new())
                   .expect("create pipeline"),
       camera: na::Matrix4::one(),
-      constants: constants,
+      constants: Constants { anim: ANIMDATA,
+                             r1: R1, r2: R2, r3: R3,
+                             haze: 1.0/2.0f32.sqrt(), hazecolor: SKY_COLOR },
+      constants_buffer: factory.create_constant_buffer(1),
+      constants_dirty: true,
       locals: factory.create_constant_buffer(1),
-      atlas: tile::get_tiles::<_, _, view::ColorFormat>(factory),
+      sampler: factory.create_sampler(texture::SamplerInfo::new(texture::FilterMethod::Jrd,
-      sampler: factory.create_sampler(tex::SamplerInfo::new(tex::FilterMethod::Scale,
+                                                                texture::WrapMode::Tile)),
-                                                            tex::WrapMode::Tile)),
       f: PhantomData,
 
       vbuf: vertex_buffer,
@@ -165,8 +171,21 @@ impl<D: gfx::Device, F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> WorldScene<D, F> {
       start_time: SystemTime::now(),
       treadmills: (0.0, 0.0),
       pads: BTreeMap::new(),
+
+      _worldmap: worldmap,
+      lat: 144,
+      lng: 90,
     }
   }
+
+  fn toroid((x, y): (f32, f32), r1: f32, r2: f32, r3: f32) -> na::Vector3<f32>
+  {
+    let x: f32 = TWO_PI_CIRC * x as f32;
+    let y: f32 = TWO_PI_CIRC * y as f32;
+    na::Vector3::<f32>::new(r3 * x.sin(), // use r3 instead of r2 for "deflated" torus
+                            (r1 + r2 * x.cos()) * y.cos(),
+                            (r1 + r2 * x.cos()) * y.sin())
+  }
 }
 
 const ANIMDATA: [u32; 4] =
@@ -176,30 +195,89 @@ const ANIMDATA: [u32; 4] =
    0];
 
 impl<D: gfx::Device,
-     F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>> scene::Scene<D, F> for WorldScene<D, F> {
+     F: gfx::Factory<D::Resources>>
+  engine::Scene<VrtueRootContext<D, F, view::ColorFormat>, D, F>
+  for WorldScene<D, F> {
 
-  fn event(&mut self, event: scene::Event) {
+  fn event(&mut self, event: engine::Event) {
-    use scene::Event::*;
+    use engine::Event::*;
     use vr::Event::*;
     match event {
-      Vr(Touch { dev_idx, controller }) => {
+      // treadmill / camera movement registration
-        self.pads.insert(dev_idx, (TrackMode::TOUCH, None));
+      Vr(Touch { dev_idx, .. }) => {
+        self.pads.insert(dev_idx, (TrackMode::Touch, None));
       },
-      Vr(Press { dev_idx, controller }) => {
+      Vr(Press { dev_idx, .. }) => {
-        self.pads.insert(dev_idx, (TrackMode::PRESS, None));
+        self.pads.insert(dev_idx, (TrackMode::Press, None));
       },
-      Vr(Unpress { dev_idx, controller }) => {
+      Vr(Unpress { dev_idx, .. }) => {
-        self.pads.insert(dev_idx, (TrackMode::TOUCH, None));
+        self.pads.insert(dev_idx, (TrackMode::Touch, None));
       },
-      Vr(Untouch { dev_idx, controller }) => {
+      Vr(Untouch { dev_idx, .. }) => {
         self.pads.remove(&dev_idx);
       },
+
+      // treadmill / camera reset
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Backspace))) => {
+        self.treadmills = (0.0, 0.0);
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::D0))) => {
+        self.camera = na::Matrix4::one();
+      },
+
+      // player movement
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Up))) => {
+        self.lat = self.lat.wrapping_sub(1);
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Down))) => {
+        self.lat = self.lat.wrapping_add(1);
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Left))) => {
+        self.lng = self.lng.wrapping_sub(1);
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Right))) => {
+        self.lng = self.lng.wrapping_add(1);
+      },
+
+      // scale adjustment
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::Q))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { r1: R1 / 2.0, r2: R2 / 2.0, r3: R3 / 2.0, ..self.constants };
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::D1))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { r1: R1, r2: R2, r3: R3, ..self.constants };
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::D2))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { r1: R1 * 2.0, r2: R2 * 2.0, r3: R3 * 2.0, ..self.constants };
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::D3))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { r1: R1 * 4.0, r2: R2 * 4.0, r3: R3 * 4.0, ..self.constants };
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::D4))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { r1: R1 * 16.0, r2: R2 * 16.0, r3: R3 * 16.0, ..self.constants };
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
+
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::H))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { haze: self.constants.haze * 2.0f32.sqrt().sqrt(), ..self.constants };
+        println!("haze: {}", self.constants.haze);
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
+      Piston(Input::Press(Button::Keyboard(Key::N))) => {
+        self.constants = Constants { haze: self.constants.haze / 2.0f32.sqrt().sqrt(), ..self.constants };
+        println!("haze: {}", self.constants.haze);
+        self.constants_dirty = true;
+      },
       _ => ()
     }
   }
 
   fn update(&mut self,
-            vr: &mut vr::VR,
+            _game: &mut VrtueRootContext<D, F, view::ColorFormat>,
+            vr: &mut Option<vr::VR>,
             encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>) {
     const NANOS_PER_MILLI: u32 = 1_000_000;
     const MILLIS_PER_SEC: u64 = 1_000;
@@ -208,10 +286,10 @@ impl<D: gfx::Device,
 
     for (pad, track) in self.pads.iter_mut() {
       let mode = track.0;
-      if let Some(state) = vr.get_controller_state(*pad) {
+      if let Some(state) = vr.as_ref().and_then(|vr| vr.get_controller_state(*pad)) {
         if let Some(old_state) = track.1 {
           match mode {
-            TrackMode::TOUCH => {
+            TrackMode::Touch => {
               const THRESHOLD: f32 = 0.005;
               const SCALE: f32 = 32.0;
               let xdiff = state.rAxis[0].x - old_state.rAxis[0].x;
@@ -219,9 +297,9 @@ impl<D: gfx::Device,
               if xdiff.abs() > THRESHOLD { self.treadmills.0 += SCALE * xdiff; }
               if ydiff.abs() > THRESHOLD { self.treadmills.1 += SCALE * ydiff; }
             },
-            TrackMode::PRESS => {
+            TrackMode::Press => {
               let rot = na::Vector3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-              let speed = R2 * 0.01;
+              let speed = R2 * 0.005;
               if state.rAxis[0].x > 0.5 {
                 self.camera = na::Similarity3::new(na::Vector3::new(-speed,  0.0, 0.0),
                                                    rot, 1.0).to_homogeneous() * self.camera;
@@ -246,25 +324,32 @@ impl<D: gfx::Device,
       }
     }
 
-    encoder.update_constant_buffer(&self.locals, &Locals { camera: *(self.camera).as_ref(),
+    if self.constants_dirty {
-                                                           millis: millis,
+      self.constants_dirty = false;
+      encoder.update_constant_buffer(&self.constants_buffer, &self.constants);
+    }
+
+    encoder.update_constant_buffer(&self.locals, &Locals { millis: millis,
                                                            treadmill_x: self.treadmills.0,
                                                            treadmill_y: self.treadmills.1 });
   }
 
   fn render(&self,
-            _factory: &mut F,
+            game: &mut VrtueRootContext<D, F, view::ColorFormat>,
-            encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>,
             trans: &gfx::handle::Buffer<D::Resources, view::Trans>,
             target: &gfx::handle::RenderTargetView<D::Resources, view::ColorFormat>,
-            depth: &gfx::handle::DepthStencilView<D::Resources, view::DepthFormat>) {
+            depth: &gfx::handle::DepthStencilView<D::Resources, view::DepthFormat>,
+            _factory: &mut F,
+            encoder: &mut gfx::Encoder<D::Resources, D::CommandBuffer>) {
 
+    encoder.clear(&target, SKY_COLOR);
+    encoder.clear_depth(&depth, 1.0);
     let pipe = pipe::Data {
       vbuf: self.vbuf.clone(),
       trans: trans.clone(),
-      constants: self.constants.clone(),
+      constants: self.constants_buffer.clone(),
       locals: self.locals.clone(),
-      atlas: (self.atlas.clone(), self.sampler.clone()),
+      tiles: (game.tiles(), self.sampler.clone()),
       pixcolor: target.clone(),
       depth: depth.clone(),
     };
@@ -272,13 +357,18 @@ impl<D: gfx::Device,
   }
 
   fn origin(&self) -> na::Matrix4<f32> {
-    na::Similarity3::new(na::Vector3::new(0.0, R1 - R2, 0.0),
+    let (r1, r2, r3) = (self.constants.r1, self.constants.r2, self.constants.r3);
-                         na::Vector3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), 1.0).to_homogeneous()
+    let (y, x) = (self.lat as f32 + 0.5, self.lng as f32 + 0.5);  // center of tile
-
+    let eye = Self::toroid((x, y), r1, r2, r3);
+    let looktgt = Self::toroid((x, y - 1.0), r1, r2, r3);  // look ahead = north
+    let normal = Self::toroid((x, y), 0.0, r2, r2) * na::Vector3::new(r2 / r3, 1.0, 1.0);
+    self.camera * na::Isometry3::look_at_rh(eye.as_point(),
+                                            looktgt.as_point(),
+                                            &normal,
+                                           ).to_homogeneous()
   }
 }
 
-extern crate memmap;
 fn get_data_model() -> model::World {
   use self::memmap::{Mmap, Protection};
   use std::mem::transmute;

src/tile.rs

@@ -1,39 +1,9 @@
-extern crate gfx;
-
-use ega;
-
-use ::std;
-use std::io::Read;
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use self::gfx::tex;
-
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Tile {
   pub val: u8,
 }
 
-pub fn get_tiles<R, F, T>(factory: &mut F) -> (//gfx::handle::Texture<R, T::Surface>,
-                                               gfx::handle::ShaderResourceView<R, T::View>)
-  where R: gfx::Resources,
-        F: gfx::Factory<R>,
-        T: gfx::format::TextureFormat {
-  let filename = "data/SHAPES.EGA";
-  let mut file = std::fs::File::open(Path::new(filename))
-    .expect(&format!("failed opening tiles file: {}", filename));
-  let mut ega_bytes = Vec::new();
-  file.read_to_end(&mut ega_bytes).expect("Read tiles file");
-  let ega_page = ega::decode(&ega_bytes, ega::Compression::UNCOMPRESSED, ega::Tiling::TILED(16));
-  let tiles: Vec<&[u8]> = ega_page.iter().collect();
-  let tex = factory.create_texture_const_u8::<T>(tex::Kind::D2Array(16, 16, 256,
-                                                                    tex::AaMode::Single),
-                                                 &tiles)
-                   .expect("create tile texture");
-  tex.1
-}
-
-
 
 impl Tile {
   pub fn as_char(&self) -> char {

src/town.rs

@@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ use tile::Tile;
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 enum Behavior {
-  FIXED = 0x00,
+  Fixed = 0x00,
-  WANDER = 0x01,
+  Wander = 0x01,
-  FOLLOW = 0x80,
+  Follow = 0x80,
-  ATTACK = 0xFF,
+  Attack = 0xFF,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Town {
   map: Chunk,
-  npc_tile1: [Tile; 32],
+  _npc_tile1: [Tile; 32],
-  npc_x1: [u8; 32],
+  _npc_x1: [u8; 32],
-  npc_y1: [u8; 32],
+  _npc_y1: [u8; 32],
-  npc_tile2: [Tile; 32],
+  _npc_tile2: [Tile; 32],
-  npc_x2: [u8; 32],
+  _npc_x2: [u8; 32],
-  npc_y2: [u8; 32],
+  _npc_y2: [u8; 32],
-  npc_behavior: [Behavior; 32],
+  _npc_behavior: [Behavior; 32],
-  npc_talk_idx: [u8; 32],
+  _npc_talk_idx: [u8; 32],
 }
 
 impl HasMap for Town {

src/view.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
-use vr;
+use engine::{GameContext, Scene};
-use vr::{AsMatrix4, VR};
+use vr::{self, AsMatrix4, VR};
 
 extern crate gfx_device_gl;
-extern crate nalgebra as na;
-extern crate num_traits;
 extern crate piston_window;
 
 use gfx;
 use gfx::Device;
 use gfx::traits::FactoryExt;
-use self::na::Inverse;
+use na::{self, Inverse, ToHomogeneous};
 use self::piston_window::{PistonWindow, Window};
 
 pub type ColorFormat = gfx::format::Srgba8;
 pub type DepthFormat = gfx::format::DepthStencil;
 
 const NEAR: f32 = 0.01;
-const FAR: f32 = 1000.0;
+const FAR: f32 = 3072.0;
 
 gfx_constant_struct! {
   Trans {
+    viewmodel: [[f32; 4]; 4] = "u_viewmodel",
     matrix: [[f32; 4]; 4] = "u_matrix",
   }
 }
@@ -29,75 +28,102 @@ pub struct ViewRoot<Dev, T, D>
         T: gfx::format::RenderFormat + gfx::format::TextureFormat,
         D: gfx::format::DepthFormat + gfx::format::TextureFormat {
 
-  left: vr::EyeBuffer<T, D>,
+  left: Option<vr::EyeBuffer<T, D>>,
-  right: vr::EyeBuffer<T, D>,
+  right: Option<vr::EyeBuffer<T, D>>,
   trans: gfx::handle::Buffer<Dev::Resources, Trans>,
 }
 
 impl ViewRoot<gfx_device_gl::Device, ColorFormat, DepthFormat> {
-  pub fn create_view(window: &mut PistonWindow, vr: &VR)
+  pub fn create_view(window: &mut PistonWindow, vr: &Option<VR>)
                      -> ViewRoot<gfx_device_gl::Device, ColorFormat, DepthFormat> {
+    if let &Some(ref vr) = vr {
+      let render_size = vr.recommended_render_target_size();
 
-    let render_size = vr.recommended_render_target_size();
+      let render_size = vr::Size { width: render_size.width * 100 / 100,
+                                   height: render_size.height * 100 / 100 };
 
-    let render_size = vr::Size { width: render_size.width * 220 / 100,
+      let left = vr::create_eyebuffer(&mut window.factory, render_size)
-                                 height: render_size.height * 220 / 100 };
+          .expect("create left renderbuffer");
+      let right = vr::create_eyebuffer(&mut window.factory, render_size)
+          .expect("create right renderbuffer");
+      let trans = window.factory.create_constant_buffer(1);
 
-    let left = vr::create_eyebuffer(&mut window.factory, render_size)
+      window.window.swap_buffers(); // To contain setup calls to Frame 0 in apitrace
-        .expect("create left renderbuffer");
-    let right = vr::create_eyebuffer(&mut window.factory, render_size)
-        .expect("create right renderbuffer");
-    let trans = window.factory.create_constant_buffer(1);
 
-    window.window.swap_buffers(); // To contain setup calls to Frame 0 in apitrace
+      ViewRoot::<gfx_device_gl::Device, ColorFormat, DepthFormat> {
-
+        left: Some(left),
-    ViewRoot::<gfx_device_gl::Device, ColorFormat, DepthFormat> {
+        right: Some(right),
-      left: left,
+        trans: trans,
-      right: right,
+      }
-      trans: trans.clone(),
+    } else {
+      let trans = window.factory.create_constant_buffer(1);
+      ViewRoot::<gfx_device_gl::Device, ColorFormat, DepthFormat> {
+        left: None,
+        right: None,
+        trans: trans,
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn draw(&self,
+  pub fn draw<G: GameContext>(&self,
-              window: &mut PistonWindow,
+                              game: &mut G,
-              vr: &mut vr::VR,
+                              window: &mut PistonWindow,
-              scene: &::scene::Scene<gfx_device_gl::Device, gfx_device_gl::Factory>) {
+                              vr: &mut Option<vr::VR>,
-    // Get the current sensor state
+                              scene: &Scene<G, gfx_device_gl::Device, gfx_device_gl::Factory>) {
-    let poses = vr.poses();
+    if let &mut Some(ref mut vr) = vr {
+      // Get the current sensor state
+      let poses = vr.poses();
 
-    let mut hmd_mat = poses.poses[0].to_device.as_matrix4();
+      let mut hmd_mat = poses.poses[0].to_device.as_matrix4();
-    hmd_mat.inverse_mut();
+      hmd_mat.inverse_mut();
 
-    for &(eye, buffers) in [(vr::Eye::Left, &self.left),
+      for &(eye, buffers) in [(vr::Eye::Left, &self.left),
-                            (vr::Eye::Right, &self.right)].into_iter() {
+                              (vr::Eye::Right, &self.right)].into_iter() {
-      window.encoder.clear(&buffers.target, [0.005, 0.005, 0.01, 1.0]);
+        let target = &buffers.as_ref().expect("vr color buffer").target;
+        let depth = &buffers.as_ref().expect("vr depth buffer").depth;
 
-      window.encoder.clear_depth(&buffers.depth, 1.0);
+        let proj_mat = vr.projection_matrix(eye, NEAR, FAR);
+        let eye_mat = vr.head_to_eye_transform(eye);
+        let scene_mat = scene.origin();
+        let viewmodel_mat = eye_mat * hmd_mat * scene_mat;
+        let trans = Trans { viewmodel: *viewmodel_mat.as_ref(),
+                            matrix: *(proj_mat * viewmodel_mat).as_ref() };
+        window.encoder.update_constant_buffer(&self.trans, &trans);
 
-      let proj_mat = vr.projection_matrix(eye, NEAR, FAR);
+        scene.render(game,
-      let eye_mat = vr.head_to_eye_transform(eye);
+                     &self.trans,
+                     &target,
+                     &depth,
+                     &mut window.factory,
+                     &mut window.encoder);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // If running without VR, just draw from some default projection near the scene origin
+      let head_mat = na::Similarity3::new(na::Vector3::new(0.0, -1.5, 0.0),
+                                          na::Vector3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+                                          1.0).to_homogeneous();
+      let proj_mat = na::PerspectiveMatrix3::new(1.0, 90.0, NEAR, FAR).to_matrix();
       let scene_mat = scene.origin();
-      let trans = Trans { matrix: *(proj_mat * eye_mat * hmd_mat * scene_mat).as_ref() };
+      let viewmodel_mat = head_mat * scene_mat;
+      let trans = Trans { viewmodel: *viewmodel_mat.as_ref(),
+                          matrix: *(proj_mat * viewmodel_mat).as_ref() };
       window.encoder.update_constant_buffer(&self.trans, &trans);
-
-      scene.render(&mut window.factory,
-                   &mut window.encoder,
-                   &self.trans,
-                   &buffers.target,
-                   &buffers.depth);
     }
     // draw monitor window
-    window.encoder.clear(&window.output_color, [0.005, 0.005, 0.01, 1.0]);
+    scene.render(game,
-    window.encoder.clear_depth(&window.output_stencil, 1.0);
-    scene.render(&mut window.factory,
-                 &mut window.encoder,
                  &self.trans,
                  &window.output_color,
-                 &window.output_stencil);
+                 &window.output_stencil,
+                 &mut window.factory,
+                 &mut window.encoder);
 
     window.encoder.flush(&mut window.device);
-    vr.submit(vr::Eye::Left, &self.left.tex);
+    if let (&mut Some(ref mut vr),
-    vr.submit(vr::Eye::Right, &self.right.tex);
+            &Some(ref left),
+            &Some(ref right)) = (vr, &self.left, &self.right) {
+      vr.submit(vr::Eye::Left, &left.tex);
+      vr.submit(vr::Eye::Right, &right.tex);
+    }
     window.window.swap_buffers();
     window.device.cleanup();
   }

src/vr.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-extern crate gfx;
 extern crate gfx_device_gl;
-extern crate nalgebra as na;
-extern crate num_traits;
 extern crate openvr as vr;
 extern crate openvr_sys;
 
 pub use self::vr::Eye;
 pub use self::vr::common::Size;
-pub use self::vr::tracking::{TrackedDeviceClass, TrackedDevicePoses};
+pub use self::openvr_sys::VRControllerState_t;
+
+use gfx::{self, texture, Factory};
+use gfx::memory::Typed;
+use na::{self, Inverse};
+use num_traits::identities::Zero;
+use num_traits::identities::One;
 
-use self::gfx::{tex, Factory, Typed};
 use self::gfx_device_gl::Resources as GLResources;
-use self::na::Inverse;
-use self::num_traits::identities::Zero;
-use self::num_traits::identities::One;
 use self::openvr_sys::{VREvent_Controller_t, VREvent_t};
 
 pub struct VR {
@@ -34,8 +33,8 @@ pub enum Event {
 impl VR {
   pub fn new() -> Result<VR, vr::Error<openvr_sys::EVRInitError>> {
     Ok(VR {
-      system: try!(vr::init()),
+      system: vr::init()?,
-      compositor: try!(vr::compositor()),
+      compositor: vr::compositor()?,
       gfx_handles: gfx::handle::Manager::new(),
     })
   }
@@ -154,14 +153,16 @@ pub fn create_eyebuffer<T, D>(factory: &mut gfx_device_gl::Factory,
                               -> Result<EyeBuffer<T, D>, gfx::CombinedError>
   where T: gfx::format::RenderFormat + gfx::format::TextureFormat,
         D: gfx::format::DepthFormat + gfx::format::TextureFormat {
-  let tex = try!(factory.create_texture(
+  let tex = factory
-      tex::Kind::D2(size.width as tex::Size, size.height as tex::Size, tex::AaMode::Single),
+      .create_texture(texture::Kind::D2(size.width as texture::Size,
-      1, // levels
+                                        size.height as texture::Size,
-      gfx::RENDER_TARGET, // bind
+                                        texture::AaMode::Single),
-      gfx::Usage::GpuOnly, // Usage
+                      1, // levels
-      Some(<T::Channel as gfx::format::ChannelTyped>::get_channel_type()))); // hint: format::ChannelType?
+                      gfx::RENDER_TARGET, // bind
-  let tgt = try!(factory.view_texture_as_render_target(&tex, 0, None));
+                      gfx::memory::Usage::GpuOnly, // Usage
-  let depth = try!(factory.create_depth_stencil_view_only(size.width as tex::Size,
+                      Some(<T::Channel as gfx::format::ChannelTyped>::get_channel_type()))?; // hint: format::ChannelType?
-                                                          size.height as tex::Size));
+  let tgt = factory.view_texture_as_render_target(&tex, 0, None)?;
+  let depth = factory.create_depth_stencil_view_only(size.width as texture::Size,
+                                                     size.height as texture::Size)?;
   Ok(EyeBuffer { tex: tex, target: tgt, depth: depth })
 }

src/world.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-extern crate core;
 extern crate itertools;
 
 use self::itertools::Itertools;